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Phenacoccus manihoti
''Phenacoccus manihoti'' is a scale insect species.
In the early 1970s, ''P. manihoti'' was accidentally introduced to Africa.〔Neuenschwander, P., et al,. 1990. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug ''Phenacoccus manihoti'' (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influence by climate and soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 32: 39 – 55〕 Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East.〔Hennessey, R. D, et al,. 1990. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, ''Phenacoccus manihoti'' (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zaire. Tropical Pest Management. 36: 103 – 107.〕 It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest.〔
== Description ==
''P. manihoti'' is a type of mealybug. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior.〔Calatayud, P. A. 2000. Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of ''Phenacoccus manihoti'' in artificial diets. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 96: 81 – 86.〕 ''P. manihoti'' reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis〔 and goes through four in-star larval forms which have differing numbers of antennal segments.〔Le Ru, B., et al,. 1995. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of ''Phenacoccus manihoti'' (Matile-Ferrero) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 24: 375 – 389.〕 Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions.〔Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. 1983. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 12: 235 – 248.〕 The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation.〔 Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators.〔 The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape.〔 Females have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition.〔Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug, ''Phenacoccus manihoti''. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 38: 165 – 169.〕 The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius.〔 The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns.〔〔Iheagwam, E. U. & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, ''Phenacoccus manihoti'' Mat-Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 30: 17 – 22.〕
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